The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) Approach claims that there are some universalities in all languages. Speech acts seem to be present in all languages, but considering this approach, research has not indicated whether request speech act differs from one language to another. Thus, this study intended to investigate whether request strategies are used differently in English and Persian roma...

The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) Approach claims that there are some universalities in all languages. Speech acts seem to be present in all languages, but considering this approach, research has not indicated whether request speech act differs from one language to another. Thus, this study intended to investigate whether request strategies are used differently in English and Persian roma...

language must be studied as a social behavior and the aim of language instruction must be to facilitate learners’ acquisition of communicative competence; the ability to speak both accurately and appropriately. rules of speaking must be included into second language classroom teaching. we should teach linguistic rules along with social rules. in this study a number of social functions in persia...

This paper compares the semantic interpretation of logical, programming, and natural languages. It shows that they are based on different ontologies, and investigates the relation between the ontology assumed and the analysis of empirical phenomena such as truth, the Epimenides paradox, propositional attitudes, and vagueness. Furthermore, it shows that there is a basic difference between a meta...

The work presented here is a preliminary sn~y concerning the automatic translation of French natural language statements into the RESEDA semantic metalanguage. The text in natural language is first (pre)processed in order to obtain its syntactic structure. The "semantic parsing" process begins with marking the "triggers", defined as lexical units which call one or more of the predicative patter...

Monads are a well-established tool for modelling various computational effects. They form the semantic basis of Moggi’s computational metalanguage, the metalanguage of effects for short, which made its way into modern functional programming in the shape of Haskell’s do-notation. Standard computational idioms call for specific classes of monads that support additional control operations. Here, w...

A semantic formulation of Lindley and Stark’s >>-lifting is given. We first illustrate our semantic formulation of the >>-lifting in Set with several examples, and apply it to the logical predicates for Moggi’s computational metalanguage. We then abstract the semantic >>-lifting as the lifting of strong monads across bifibrations with lifted symmetric monoidal closed structures.